Summary of lesson 1:


Political power - politicians, police and people who work in law courts.
Personal power - people in a position of power because of their jobs : teachers, employers.
Social group power - Hold power because of a social varibale e.g. class, gender, age. Typically middle class white men.

Instrumental/ influential power

Instrumental - power to assert dominance and authority through actions e.g. police, disciplinary.
Infuential power: Persuasive power e.g. media and advertising.

Summary of lesson 2:

Persuasive speech

Modal verbs: will, may, can, must. Shows determination and conviction, convinving audience of statement.

A modal verb is an auxilary verb that expresses necessity or possibility e.g. must.

Epistemic modality: when a modal verb is used to express the speakers opinion about a statement e.e. "it might be true".
Deontic modality: modal verb used to affect a situation e.g. giving permission, "you can go when you are finished".

Persuasive features used in speeches

Modal verbs, rhetorical question, direct adress, repition, special voacbulary and jargon, personal pronouns, facts, AFOREST, emotive language.

Parallelism: repeating things in a sentence or subsequent sentenceds e.g. verbs, phrases.

Synonymous parallelism: 2nd half of a sentemnce echoes the 1st half, or develops it. Shows ideas are equal in importance. Adds balance, rhythm and clarity. "Protect but not possess, to defend but not to conquer".

Anithesis: establishes clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtapositioning them. Makes distinctions, clarifies ideas that may be overlooked. "Live together as brothers... or die together as fools." OR "He who lives by the sword shall die by the sword".

Anaphora: Repitition of the same word/ words at the beginning of successsive clauses or sentences. "To think on death it is a misery. To think on life it is a vanity".

Epistrophe: Repitition of the same word/ words at the end of successive clauses or sentences. "Reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued".

Other features

Alliteration, anology (story), metaphor.

Grices Maxims:

Cooperative principal: people want to cooperate when they exchange meaning. Coordination regulated by means of cooperation.

• Quality maxim, telling the truth. 
• Quantity maximum, giving information with minimum effort. 
• Relation maxim, be relevant and act accordingly. 
• Manner maxim, be clear and not obscure. 

Applying maxims:

• Violate them with being noticed - lying. 
• Violate them deliberately - flouting. 
• Refrain from cooperation - opting out. 

Brown and Levinson Face Theory:

Explains how and why we're polite to each other. 

-Linguistic and social identity = face. 

2 faces, positive (feeling loved and appreciated) and negative (right not to be imposed on). 

• 1st strategy, bold on record. Do nothing to minimise threat to face. 
• 2nd strategy, positive politeness, appreciate and love the person we're communicating with. Politeness markers and friendly behaviour. You appeal to the positive face. 
• Negative face appeal. Apologise a lot, politeness markers, use negative politeness. 
• Off record indirect strategy ~> hints (gestures, laughing) express what we want to communicate, get someone to do your work for you.